MATERI 1-10 BAHASA INGGRIS

MATERI 1 : SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT & MODIFIER

Subject 

a.       The subject is the agent of the sentence in the active voice, subject is the person or thing that does the action of the sentence and subject normally precedes the verb.

b.      The subject may be a noun phrase. A noun phrase is a group of words ending with a noun. (it can't begin with a preposition).

Subjek adalah bagian dari kalimat dalam kalimat aktif, orang atau benda yang melakukan tindakan, dan subjek biasanya mendahului kata kerja.

·        Predicat

a.       The verb follows the subject, it generally shows the action of the sentence.

b.      The verb maybe a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more auxiliaries and one main verb. The auxiliaries always precede the main verb.

Predikat ialah mengikuti subjek, pada umumnya menunjukkan suatu tindakan.

·        Complement

     A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject because it's usually a      noun or noun phrase, However, it generally follows the verb when the sentence in the active voice.

    Sebuah kata pelengkap yang melengkapi kata kerja. Hal ini mirip dengan subjek karena biasanya berupa kata benda, Namun, kata pelengkap pada umumnya mengikuti verba dalam kalimat aktif.

·        Modifier

a.       Tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.

b.      The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.

Example :

1. Pat/ should have bought/ gasoline /yesterday

 subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

2. Trees/ grow

 subject/ verb phrase

3. It/ was raining /at seven o’clock this morning

 subject/ verb phrase / modifier of time

4. She/ opened/ her book

 subject/ verb phrase/ complement

5. Harry/ is washing / dishes /right now

 subject/ verb phrase/ complement/ modifier of time

MATERI 2 : VERB PHRASES AND TENSES

Pengertian Verb Phrase

Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb dan auxiliary verb-nya, sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement, dan/atau modifier, kecuali subjek kalimat.

Verb Phrase
Traditional Grammar	main verb
Generative Grammar	+/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/- modifier

Keterangan:

• Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.
• Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Verb Phrase: Traditional vs Generative Grammar

Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase	Verb Phrase
	Traditional Grammar	Generative Grammar
He sleeps without a pillow. (Dia tidur tanpa bantal.)	sleeps	sleeps without a pillow
I will ask you a question. (Saya akan menanyakan satu pertanyaan kepadamu.)	will ask	will ask you a question

Pengertian Tenses

Tenses adalah bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris untuk menunjukkan waktu (sekarang, masa depan, atau masa lalu) terjadinya suatu perbuatan atau peristiwa. Di Indonesia dikenal 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris.

Macam-Macam, Penggunaan, Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Tenses

Berikut macam-macam, penggunaan, rumus dan contoh 16 macam tenses bahasa Inggris.

Penggunaan dan Rumus Tenses	Contoh Kalimat Tenses
Simple Present Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini.	We agree with the speaker’s opinion. (Kami setuju dengan opini pembicara.)
S + V-1
Present Continuous Tense
Tense ini untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau rencana dimasa depan.	I’m driving a car to Bandung now. (Saya sedang menyetir mobil ke Bandung sekarang.)
S + am/is/are + present participle
Present Perfect Tense
Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.	I have lived in Cilegon for 3 months. (Saya telah tinggal di Cilegon selama 3 bulan.)
S + have/has + past participle
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.	The toddlers have been playing a ball for an hour. (Balita-balita itu telah bermain bola selama satu jam.)
S + have/has + been + present participle
Simple Past Tense
Tense ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau.	The party started at 10.00 a.m. (Pesta dimulai jam 10 pagi.)
S + V-2
Past Continuous Tense
Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.	The team was playing basketball all day yesterday. (Tim bermain basket sepanjang hari kemarin.)
S + was/were + present participle
Past Perfect Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi.	When he came last night, the cake had run out. (Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.)
S + had + past participle
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu dimasa lalu.	The labors had been demonstrating for an hour when the manager came. (Pekerja telah berdemonstrasi selama satu jam ketika manager datang.)
S + had + been + present participle
Simple Future Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana.	You will win the game. (Kamu akan memenangkan permainan tersebut.)
S + will + bare infinitive S + be (is/am/are) + going to + bare infinitive	I am going to meet him tomorrow. (Saya akan menemuinya besok.)
Future Continuous Tense
Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan.	He will be sleeping at 10 p.m. (Dia akan sedang tidur pada jam 10 malam.)
S + will + be + present participle
Future Perfect Tense
Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan.	At this time next month, I’ll have finished my English course. (Pada waktu yang sama bulan depan, saya akan telah menyelesaikan kursus bahasa Inggris.)
S + will + have + past participle
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan.	The cat will have been sleeping long when you get home. (Kucing itu telah lama tidur ketika kamu pulang.)
S + will + have + been + present participle
Simple Past Future Tense
Tense ini untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.	He would forgive you. (Dia akan memaafkanmu.)
S + would + bare infinitive
Past Future Continuous Tense
Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang akan sedang berlangsung (berupa prediksi/rencana) di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu.	She would be working at nine o’clock this morning. (Dia akan sedang bekerja jam sembilan pagi ini.)
S + would + be + present participle
Past Future Perfect Tense
Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi aktivitas yang akan telah dilakukan di masa lalu. Bentuk ini juga digunakan pada conditional sentence type 3.	I thought you would have slept by the time I arrived. (Saya pikir kamu akan sudah tidur pada saat saya tiba.)
S + would + have + past participle
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Mirip dengan future perfect continuous tense, namun realisasi aksi yang dilakukan dapat diketahui sekarang karena aksinya terjadi di masa lampau.	He would have been working as a civil engineer in Jakarta by the end of this week last month. (Dia akan telah bekerja sebagai enjinir sipil di Jakarta pada akhir minggu ini bulan lalu.)
S + would + have + been + present participle

MATERI 3 : PROBLEM VOCABULARY AND PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions Phrase

Kombinasi antara preposition dengan object of preposition membentuk suatu frasa yang disebut prepositional phrase. Preposition yang membentuk prepositional phrase tersebut dapat hanya terdiri dari satu kata (one word preposition: at, on, it), atau gabungan dengan part of speech lain (complex preposition: along with, as well as, by means of).

Contoh Prepositions Phrase:

• under the bridge
• at school
• because of you

Prepositions phrase dapat dibedakan menjadi adjectival prepositional phrase dan adverbial prepositional phrase. Adjectival berfungsi seperti adjective yang menerangkan noun, sedangkan adverbial berfungsi seperti adverb yang menerangkan verb, adjective, atau adverb.

Preposition vs. Conjunction

Ada beberapa kata yang mungkin membingungkan karena dapat digunakan baik sebagai preposition maupun subordinate conjunction. Beberapa kata yang serupa dalam struktur dan maknanya tersebut antara lain: after, before, since, dan until. Kata-kata tersebut apakah merupakan preposition atau conjunction dapat dibedakan dari bagian yang mengikutinya. Preposition diikuti kata atau frasa, sedangkan conjunction diikuti clause yang setidaknya terdiri dari subject dan verb.

Contoh Kalimat Preposition vs. Conjunction:

• You will receive the payment before the end of this month. preposition (diikuti frasa “the end of this month”)
• You will need to wait 3 full days before you receive the payment. conjunction (diikuti clause “you receive the payment”)

MATERI 4 : FORM AND STYLE OF BUSINESS LETTER

Business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. The overall style of letter will depend on the relationship between the parties concerned. There are many reasons to write a business letter. It could be to request direct information or action from another party, to order supplies from a supplier, to identify a mistake that was committed, to reply directly to a request, to apologize for a wrong or simply to convey goodwill. Even today, the business letter is still very useful because it produces a permanent record, is confidential, formal and delivers persuasive, well-considered messages.

Types

The most important element you need to ensure in any business letter is accuracy. One of the aspects of writing a business letter that requires the most accuracy is knowing which type of business letter you are writing. A number of options are available for those looking to trade in business correspondence, and you will significantly increase your odds for getting a reply if you know the form you need to send.

1.            Letter of Complaint

A letter of complaint will almost certainly result in an official response if you approach it from a businesslike perspective. Make the complaint brief, to the point and polite. Politeness pays off regardless of the extent of anger you are actually feeling while composing this type of business letter.

2.            Resume Cover Letter

A cover letter that accompanies a resume should revel in its brevity. You should take as little time and as few words as possible to accomplish one task: persuading the reader to anticipate reading your resume. Mention the title of the job for which you are applying, as well or one or two of your strongest selling points.

3.            Letter of Recommendation

A recommendation letter allows you to use a few well-chosen words to the effect of letting someone else know how highly you value a third party. Resist the temptation to go overboard; approach your recommendation in a straightforward manner that still allows you to get the point across.

4.            Letter of Resignation

An official letter of resignation is a business letter that should be fair and tactful. Be wary of burning any bridges that you may need to cross again in the future. Offer a valid reason for your resignation and avoid self-praise.

Styles

• Block Style

•  Semi Block Style

• Modified Block Style

MATERI 5 : SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Subject, Verb Agreement

Posted by delyanggraeni at 08:12

Pengertian Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-verb agreement adalah persesuaian antara verb (kata kerja) dengan subject kalimat dalam halnumber, yaitu: singular (tunggal) atau plural (jamak). Subjek dapat berupa noun (kata benda), pronoun (kata ganti), atau konstruksi lain yang berakting sebagai noun, seperti gerund dan infinitive. Pada dasarnya, singular subject (subjek tunggal) menggunakan singular verb (kata kerja tunggal), sedangkan plural subject (subjek jamak) menggunakan plural verb (kata kerja jamak).

Subject-Verb Agreement (Umum)

Secara umum pada bentuk present tense, singular verb berupa base form (bentuk dasar) dari verb dengan ditambahkan ending (akhiran) -s. Adapun pada plural verbtanpa ditambahkan ending -s (sebaliknya, plural subject ditambahkan ending -s). Aturan kata kerja ini berlaku pula pada subjek berupa third person (orang ketiga, contoh: Ricky, Anna) dan semua personal pronoun (they, we= jamak; he, she, it= tunggal), kecuali I dan you. Walaupun berupa subjek tunggal, I dan youdipasangkan dengan kata kerja bentuk jamak (tidak termasuk verb “be” (was, am) pada “I”).

Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement [subject= bold; verb= italic]:

1	The sun rises. (Matahari terbit.)
2	The stars shine. (Bintang bersinar.)
3	Leo rarely eats white bread. (Leo jarang makan roti putih.)
4	You go straight ahead then turn left. (Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.)

MATERI 6 : ARRANGING A BUSINESS MEETING

Step

Number : ...
It : Meeting Invitation
Attachment : -

To:
Mr Tony Ruudianto
Marketing manager
PT New Hope
in place of

Dear Sirs ,

In connection with the execution of the event will be the anniversary of the company , we herewith invite all PT Manager New Hope to attend the preparatory meeting to be held on :

Day / Date : Thursday, April 5, 2013
Time : 10:00 to 12:00 pm
Venue: Room 304

Thus we convey this invitation , given the importance of this event then Mr / Ms please attend on time . For your kind attention , we thank you .

Sincerely,
Chairman of the Committee
( Dwi Nugroho Putranto )

MATERI 7 : MAKING A GENERAL BUSINESS

To make clear how to write a personal letter, below is some elements should be included when writing a personal letter. They are:
1. Date: It is the month, day and year that the letter is written on.
2. Greeting: Some times we call it “salutation”. It is the introductory phrase. It can be a phrase like:

• Dear Tono, Dear My friend, Dear My Brother, etc

• Body: All kinds of letter formal or informal have the letter body. This is the complete text of the letter or the subject matter content.

3. Closing: It is the farewell phrase. That is a word that precedes the signature and is followed by a comma. The phrases can be like; Yours truly, Sincerely, Respectfully yours, Regards, etc.
4. Signature: This the place where you writ your name and signature.

Examples of Personal Letter for Various Purposes
After understanding the generic structure of how a personal letter is organized, now we see some sample below.

MATERI 8 : PRONOUNS

Jenis Pronoun dan Contoh Kalimatnya

Subjek	Objek	Possesive	Reflexive
I	Me	My	Myself
We	Us	Our	Ourselves
They	Them	Their	Themselves
You	You	Your	Yourself (Kamu)
You	You	Your	Yourselves (Kalian)
She	Her	Her	Herself
He	Him	His	Himself

Ket:

• Subjek: Ketika pronoun menjadi Subjek.
  Contoh:
  • I read a book > aku membaca sebuah buku.
  • You are very beautiful > kamu sangat cantik.
• Objek: Ketika pronoun menjadi Objek.
  Contoh:
  • She loves me > dia mencintai aku.
  • I take it > aku mengambilnya.
• Possessive: artinya memiliki, misalnya: milik-ku, milik-mu, milik-nya, dsb.
  Contoh:
  • Is that your book? > apakah itu bukumu (buku punya-mu)?
  • Where did you hide my wallet? > dimana kamu menyembunyikan dompetku (dompet milikku)
• Reflexive: Berfungsi untuk memberikan penekanan yang jika diterjemahkan menjadi “diri”, sehingga terkadang diterjemahkan dengan dirinya/mu/kita atau sendiri atau bisa juga digabung menjadi seperti “dirinya sendiri”.
  Contoh:
  • she cooks for herself > Ia memasak untuk dirinya.
  • I cooked fried chicken by myself > aku memasak ayam goreng sendiri.

MATERI 9 : VERB AS COMPLEMENT AND VOCABULARY AND READING

Contoh Kalimat Subject Complement

Keterangan:

• subject complement = bold
• linking verb = italic

Contoh Kalimat Subject Complement	Keterangan
Mr. Mamat was a great headmaster. (Mr. Mamat adalah kepala sekolah yang hebat.)	headmaster (predicate noun) = menerangkan subjek (Mr. Mamat) a, great = modifier yang menerangkan headmaster a great headmaster = noun phrase
That lady is very beautiful. (Wanita itu sangat cantik.)	beautiful (predicate adjective) = menerangkan subjek (lady) very = modifier yang menerangkan beautiful that lady = noun phrase
These are yours. (Ini milikmu.)	yours (predicate pronoun) = menerangkan subjek (this) these = demonstrative pronoun
The noodle tasted delicious. (Mie tsb terasa lezat.)	delicious >(predicate adjective) = menerangkan subjek (noodle) the noodle = noun phrase
My favorite activities are shopping and traveling. (Aktivitas favoritku adalah belanja dan jalan-jalan.)	shopping, traveling (gerund) = menerangkan subjek (activity) my favorite activity = noun phrase
His dream is to win a cooking contest. (Impiannya adalah menang kontes masak.)	to win a cooking contest (infinitive) = menerangkan subjek (dream) his dream = noun phrase

Verb Complement

Verb complement adalah direct object (DO) atau indirect object (IO) dari suatu action verb. Objek-objek tersebut dapat berupa noun, pronoun, atau konstruksi lain yang berakting seperti noun, seperti: gerund, infinitive, dan noun clause.

MATERI 10 : MAKING A GENERAL BUSINESS
OMMON TYPES OF BUSINESS LETTERS

There are many different types of business letters that a person can write to achieve different things. The key to writing a letter that will achieve what you want is to know what type of letter you are writing. The different types of letters are: acknowledgement, adjustment, complaint, inquiry, order, and response letter.

Acknowledgement letter = This letter is meant to thank the reader for something they did for you in the office.
It could simply be saying thanks for receiving something the reader sent or maybe thanking them for their help with something. This type of letter is not required in a business environment, but it is appreciated.

Rejection Letter Examples

A rejection letter can cause problems for the writer, if it is not written with utmost care. To make your task simpler, here are a few samples of rejection letters which you can refer.
example:

Refusal of a Job Offer

Ms. Mary Hopkins
Director - Human Resources
Media-men Company
100, Wellington Street
New Albany

Dear Ms. Mary Hopkins,

I am delighted to receive the offer to join as a Senior Manager - Human Resources, in your company. Although I found the position very interesting and challenging, I will not be able to accept the offer as I have already accepted a similar position in another company.

It was a pleasure to receive an opportunity to visit your company and discuss my career possibilities. I wish you and Media-men Company, all the best for the future.

Best Regards,
Sean Watson